Barney Pityana:
Transformation, Black Consciousness
and African Renaissance
(Maandblad Zuid-Afrika, September 2015)
In his younger days, Barney Pityana was one of the leaders of the Black
Consciousness Movement, working side by side with Steve Biko. Now, even though he
is part of the establishment, he still has a keen eye for the pitfalls of
colonialism and racism at South African institutions of higher education.
We meet at the offices of the Thabo
Mbeki Foundation, an NGO initiated by former President Mbeki ‘to be a catalyst
for the achievement of an African Renaissance.’
‘For a long time now, I have been
committed to Thabo Mbeki’s strivings to draw South Africa into a closer, more
intimate relationship with Africa and what Africa stands for and, if necessary,
to take the lead in all things African on the world stage,’ Pityana explains
our meeting there. ‘To my mind that was Mr Mbeki’s greatest contribution as
president. It is my pleasure to help translate his ideas into programmatic
linkages with higher education institutions and research centres in Africa and
establish a research centre at the Thabo Mbeki Foundation.’
‘There is a direct link between
academic transformation and the idea of an African Renaissance. For three
hundred years, higher education in South Africa was linked to European ideas,
education, and science, and more recently, to those of North America as well. Especially
during apartheid, for ideological and political reasons, South Africa grew
increasingly isolated from the rest of the continent. After 1994, the new South
Africa benefited from the long years of liberation struggle that was very much
linked to Africa. Many South African leaders found refuge in African states,
the liberation struggle was conducted from African states, and in Africa itself
our struggle received much support.’
Massification first
‘When the new South Africa became a
fact, our priority was to ensure that higher education was opened up to the
masses to whom it had been shut. This first phase was also about visibility of
African leadership – black managers and academics – in our institutions. This did
mean, however, that many of us walked into a system that was not of our own
making, even though most of us were products of that very system: either we had
been educated here, or in Europe, or the
USA. At the time, we made no claims to any prior knowledge different from what
we had received. It was easier for us to simply walk into the system and to
make it work as it had always worked.’
‘Gradually, it became clear,
however, that this was not a viable proposition. South Africans became
conscious of Africa and of being African – a consciousness relating to issues
of culture, interpretations of history, and the ability of Africa to rise above its past. None of these issues were represented in the manner in which learning was
taking place. There was, so to speak, a parallel world out there which was not
represented at our universities.’
‘At the same time, it became evident
that our students were not succeeding despite all the opportunities now
available to them. We realized that we had to find out whether there were learning models which were hampering the way our students were
learning.’
‘These insights only arose during
the last ten years or so. By now, of course, it is becoming quite clear that in
the eyes of the present generation of students and black academics we were too
slow in dealing with these matters and, having been a university administrator
at Unisa myself, I can’t deny it. The
main reason lay with our priorities, i.e. needing to make the universities work
under our leadership and to increase representation as much as we could. This,
I believe, has been achieved. Currently, African students at most of our
universities number well beyond 60%. Our success rates are not as strong as
they should be, and this remains a challenge. But the first important step was
to stabilize the universities. This in itself was a component of the
transformation process.’
What does Africanisation mean?
‘At this stage, other issues are
coming to the fore, as I think they should. And these are not easy issues. One
of them, of course, has to do with historical spaces. We received buildings
with names, and statues, and plaques. We received an academic culture, and we
received an entire set of qualities and standards from those who came before
us.’
‘It’s no easy task to address these issues,
because we don’t always agree about what should be done. We’re still
experimenting, and no one knows what the outcome will be. Naturally, this
frightens many people because, if we’re not careful, it’ll affect the standard,
quality, and competitiveness of higher education in South Africa. Nevertheless,
I think our present situation is ideal for pushing back boundaries a lot more
than before, when our focus was still on student and staff equity.’
‘I agree with many who say that the
starting point is to decolonize, to
question the wisdom or authenticity of what we received, and to challenge its
relevance for us today. Secondly, we must acknowledge
the colonizing process. By and large, everything we have actually emanates from
a whole range of histories and cultures we’ve become part of. It is unlikely
that you are going to find anything today that can be called “African” in its
purest sense. As Africans, of course we have views, ideas, histories, cultures,
and languages of our own. But we have also taken from what we’ve learnt. What
comes out in the end may well be called “African”, because the context will
make it so.’
‘The same is true for legitimizing the
previously marginalized African knowledge systems. None of them is so pure as
to be free of any other form of learning. Rather, it’s a dialogue with other forms
of learning, American, European, and Asian. What some of us are saying is that
we want to be able to identify with any learning and any knowledge system, so
that it doesn’t seem so foreign, so alienating so as to not speak to the inner
core of who we are.’
Growing our own scholarship
‘Given the circumstances, I do think
60% black students is very good. Moreover, I don’t believe that everybody who
finishes school must go to
university. That’s a fallacy. The big challenge we’re faced with today is how
to move students, once they are accepted into university, to participate meaningfully,
to benefit from the learning they are engaged in, and to show the appropriate
outcomes. One part of the problem, of course, is the gap between school and
university. Another is the socio-economic culture of this country where there
is so much poverty. For many families and communities schooling is not a
priority at all. Other issues directly relating to life and death need to be
dealt with first.’
‘We have to be mindful of the fact that,
by and large, we still depend on the same academic environment in place in
1980. The professoriate in most universities is still largely white, still
male, and if there are any women, they’re likely to be white women. You can’t
change that in only twenty years. In reality, it’ll take at least another
twenty years. In this respect, the last ten years or more were wasted because
most Africans attended university to complete their studies and then to get a
job in order to support their families and extended families. At the same time,
in the nation building project most Africans were being absorbed in civil
service and business.’
‘At present, South African
universities are drawing on talent from other African countries, like Zimbabwe,
Kenya, and Nigeria. We have to grow our
own scholarship in South Africa, starting with those 60% who are going through
university now. Even then, many of them will end up going to the United States
or China, wherever there are opportunities…, which means that we have to be
constantly developing and growing. At the moment we are nowhere near the
minimum required to assure South Africa of a cadre of academic scholarship in
twenty years time.’
What Steve Biko would have said
‘This whole discussion about the
Rhodes statue at UCT – where I am President of Convocation – needs to be
understood slightly differently. At the moment, people in South Africa are very
angry, for a whole range of reasons. Part of this anger finds expression on the
campuses. If it hadn’t been the Rhodes statue, it would have been something
else. Over the last five years, the statue was never a matter of debate, there
has never been a resolution to remove it, neither from the students, nor from
the staff. There was no resistance from the university council either.’
‘In general, UCT has done very well
on transformation. It has well over 60% African students, gives support to
students, and produces some of the best graduates. Its success rate is probably
the most successful of any South
African university. But UCT is an “English” university, it’s kind of England in
Africa, and for a long time they felt they could just carry on that way. The
university hasn’t been sensitive enough to the fact that some kind of change
was required, and that you don’t bring Africans into the university in order to
change them to become like you.’
‘So the students are raising an
important issue when they say that the institutional culture at UCT is
alienating, European, English, and that matters like racism and sexism are not
receiving enough attention. For an African student who has to live on that
campus, day in and day out, attend lectures where you are a minority all the
time, where you have to speak English 24 hours a day and write exams in perfect English, it is easy to feel
alienated.’
‘There is a resurgence of interest
in Steve Biko and Black Consciousness, at UCT especially, but at other
universities as well. Part of this resurgence has to do with the extent to
which young people are angry and disillusioned with the ANC as an organization
and indeed as government. But you can never read Steve Biko out of context.
Twenty-one years into democracy, you cannot maintain that we still live in the
same South Africa Steve Biko was writing about. You cannot today pretend that
white people and white ideas – white-ness
– have no value or relevance. They have become part of our own knowledge
systems. You have to accept that white people in our country are Africans. And, therefore, they have as
legitimate a right to express themselves and to express their own Africanness
as you have.’
‘What Steve was saying at that time
– in an environment where African people were not in power, where African people were experiencing an amazing
assault on their identity – was: if there is going to be change at all, it
begins with you claiming your humanity and, if you can’t claim your humanity,
you won’t actually be able to overcome. Today, each time we go to vote, we vote
for the same government, and then we complain when government does things we
don’t agree with. We don’t make government accountable. And although in many respects
I do believe that twenty-one years on white people in this country still have a
lot of power and racism is still a major factor, there are systems and
processes in which we can deal with that, whereas previously there were not.
You can be assertive today in a way you couldn’t be before.’
Barney Pityana: In the late sixties, Barney Pityana (Uitenhage, 1945), together with Steve Biko and others, co-founded the South African Students' Organization, the origins of the Black Consciousness Movement. During high school at Lovedale [Eastern Cape], Pityana was expelled for protesting against Bantu education. In 1976, he graduated from the University of South Africa (Unisa), but was barred from practicing law and banned from any public activity by the apartheid government. Pityana went into exile in 1978. He studied theology at King's College London and trained for Anglican ministry at Ripon College Cuddesdon in Oxford. Subsequently, he served as curate in Milton Keynes and as vicar in Birmingham. From 1988 to 1992, he was director of the World Council of Churches’ Programme to Combat Racism in Geneva. Pityana returned to South Africa in 1993. He continued working in theology and human rights and obtained a PhD in Religious Studies at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in 1995. That same year he was appointed member of the South African Human Rights Commission, which he chaired from 1995 to 2001. He also served on the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights at the Organization of African Unity in 1997. In 2001, Pityana became Vice Chancellor and Principal of Unisa, a position he held for nine years. From 2011 to 2014, he was rector of the College of the Transfiguration in Grahamstown. At present, although retired, Pityana is UCT’s President of Convocation.